What impact has the development of cutting tools brought?

The development of knives plays an important role in the history of human progress. As early as the 28th to 20th centuries BC, brass and copper cones, drills, knives and other copper tools appeared in China. In the late Warring States period (3rd century BC), copper knives were made due to the mastery of carburizing technology. The drill bits and saws of that time were somewhat similar to modern flat drills and saws.

However, the rapid development of knives came in the late 18th century with the development of machines such as steam engines. In 1783, René of France first produced a milling cutter. In 1792, Maudsley in England produced taps and dies. The earliest documented record of the invention of the twist drill was in 1822, but it was not produced as a commercial product until 1864.

The cutting tools at that time were made of solid high-carbon tool steel, and the allowed cutting speed was about 5 meters/minute. In 1868, the British Muschet made alloy tool steel containing tungsten. In 1898, Taylor and... White invented high-speed tool steel. In 1923, Schlueter of Germany invented cemented carbide. When alloy tool steel is used, the cutting speed of the tool is increased to about 8 m/min. When high-speed steel is used, the cutting speed is more than twice that of high-speed steel. When carbide is used, the cutting speed is more than twice that of high-speed steel. The cutting speed is The surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the workpiece are also greatly improved.

Because high-speed steel and cemented carbide are relatively expensive, tools have welded and mechanically clamped structures. Between 1949 and 1950, the United States began to use indexable inserts on turning tools, and soon they were used on milling cutters and other cutting tools. In 1938, the German company Degussa obtained a patent for ceramic knives. In 1972, General Electric Company of the United States produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blades. These non-metallic tool materials allow the tool to cut at higher speeds.

In 1969, Sweden's Sandvik Steel Works obtained a patent for using chemical vapor deposition to produce titanium carbide-coated carbide blades. In 1972, Bonsa and Raglan of the United States developed the physical vapor deposition method to coat the surface of cemented carbide or high-speed steel tools with a hard layer of titanium carbide or titanium nitride. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the base material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface layer, giving the composite material better cutting performance.

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